ABSTRACT
La afectividad en personas con discapacidad intelectual es un tema que ha sido omitido y ha generado prejuicios desde la ética cultural. La investigación que se informa consistió en develar las manifestaciones afectivas en jóvenes con discapacidad intelectual, con un rango de edad de 15 a 25 años. El nivel de conocimiento que alcanza la investigación, se enmarca en un estudio de tipo descriptivo denso. La recolección de datos se realizó en una escuela especial de la Araucanía (Chile), aplicando entrevistas semiestructuradas con diseño estudio de caso. Se develó que las manifestaciones de afectividad de los jóvenes se sustentan en el cuidado y respeto mutuo, evidenciando creencias marcadas por la presencia de machismo, conciencia de responsabilidades y posicionamientos valóricos de adultos significativos que limitan, regulan comportamientos y omiten la educación sexual por la condición de los jóvenes, evidenciándose esta última de forma transversal al currículo de escuela especial.
This research studies the affectivity in people with intellectual disability condition, in order to visualize the process of self-construction of the sense of being person. This research looks for revealing the affective manifestations in young people with intellectual disability, whose ages are between 15 and 25 years old. This problem implies a complex issue, which involves cultural, religious, educative and idiosyncratic factors that reflect an unfair society which does not protect the rights of social groups in disadvantage situations and difficult educability conditions. Theoretically is assumed an axiological positioning which conceives the person as a value in itself and a spiritual microcosm which is alive and transcendent. The method applied is guided from the qualitative approach with a descriptive reach through the design associated to the case study and in accordance with the hermeneutic paradigm. The context of the problem was focus on a special school in the Araucanía region at the South of Chile. Semistructure interviews and appropriate rigor criteria such as confirm ability, transferability, credibility and dependency were applied. The participants were 13 students and four teachers. The research is adjusted to the ethical requirements in the Helsinki and Singapore Declaration, according to the appropriate behavior of the researcher and the informed consent. The qualitative data were reduced through the transcription and coding process using the Atlas.ti software version 7.0. With the primary transcribed documents axial and open coding were applied, which let to develop analysis from the constant comparative method. An empirical- theoretical sample and content analysis were done. The results let the categories raise, operationalized in codes, highlighting between them, affective manifestations, couple relationship, personal care, young people beliefs and teachers' beliefs. It was revealed that the affective manifestations of young people are based in the mutual respect and care, demonstrating beliefs with sexist characteristics, conscience of responsibilities and the meaningful adults' positions related to values, which limit and regulate behaviors and omit the sexual education because the condition that the young people have, evincing the sexual education in a transversal way to the curriculum of the special school. The sexual education must give precise information and not be restricted to the intellectual agreement, but respecting the appropriate ages of the people life cycle, where the education must be precise and direct. To accomplish this task, it was discovered that didactic resources must be given to help young people to be aware of their action. Additionally, it was revealed that young people must be constantly accompanied by guides, mediation regarding to the construction of bonds and affective experience suitable to their own characteristics. Family is presented as an obstructive element in the young people affective relationships, evincing a lack of communication and comprehension. Teachers consider the young people as valuable people, where their intellectual conditions do not affect their rights to manifest themselves affectively either their friends or partners. In summary, it must advance toward an education that overcomes the existence of false beliefs, and that will exist in the sexual education the disposition to talk with respect about what the young people say their interests, worries, responsibilities and respect with themselves and with others. For this reason, it is necessary to guide and orient young people, not only from the formal educational institution, but also from the collaborative work with the family, where this formation should not be delegated only to the professionals, but also that it constitutes in a contextualized learning of sexual education and that it must be accepted as an inherent condition from the human being, so that, in this way it must be experienced the liberty of the rights and the ethical personalism of each human being.
ABSTRACT
En este artículo presentamos los resultados de un estudio cuyo objetivo fue describir las representaciones sociales del apego de 38 educadoras de párvulos pertenecientes a la Junta Nacional de Jardines Infantiles. Concretamente nos propusimos describir el significado que tiene el concepto apego para las educadoras de párvulos, e identificar los criterios de valoración del apego que ellas manifiestan. El estudio es cualitativo-descriptivo. Aplicamos entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos focales. Los hallazgos destacan el manejo inapropiado acerca de la teoría del apego en las educadoras, lo que afecta en el dominio del contenido disciplinario para tomar decisiones metodológicas en sus prácticas profesionales. Las percepciones de las educadoras son de tipo social, vivencial y clasificatorio, significando el apego como proceso relacional que deja huellas en tanto vínculo afectivo perdurable.
This research presents the results of a study that describe the perceptions of attachment among 38 preschooler educators that belong to the National Kindergarten Board. The objectives were to describe the significance of the concept of attachment for educators and to identify their criteria for assessing levels of attachment. This is a qualitative descriptive study. Semi-structured interviews and ethnographic observations were used as tools to collect data. Among the most relevant finding from the study were the inappropriate use of attachment theory by the educators, which affects t heir knowledge of disciplinary techniques that they use to make methodological decisions regarding their professional practices. The kind of perceptions that educators have are social, experiential and based on classifications, which means that attachment is a relational process that has a long-term impact when lasting affective bonds are created.
Este artigo apresenta os resultados de um estudo que descreve as representações sociais de apego de 38 educadores de pré-primário pertencentes ao Conselho Nacional de Jardins de Infância. Os objetivos foram descrever o significado do conceito apego para os professores de ensino pré-escolar e identificar os pontos de avaliação do apego que manifestam os educadores de jardim de infância. O estudo é qualitativo e descritivo. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas e grupos focais. Entre as principais conclusões, destaca-se o manuseio inadequado sobre a teoria do apego nos educadores, o que afeta diretamente o domínio do conteúdo disciplinar para tomar decisões metodológicas em suas práticas profissionais. As percepções dos educadores são de tipo social, vivencial e classificatória, ou seja, mostrando o apego como um processo relacional que deixa impressões digitais, portanto, vínculo afetivo perdurável.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Faculty , Object Attachment , Chile , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Focus Groups/methods , Qualitative ResearchABSTRACT
Esta investigación consiste en el diseño, ejecución y evaluación de un programa de intervención psicoeducativa basado en imágenes, aplicado a nueve niños con Trastorno Generalizado del Desarrollo (TGD) de tipo autista, cuyas edades fluctuaban entre los 3 y 8 años de edad en Temuco. El programa se enfocó para activar el desarrollo de las dimensiones de anticipación y flexibilidad en niños con TGD. Con el propósito de determinar el perfil de desarrollo inicial de los participantes, se les aplicó el Inventario de Desarrollo de Espectro Autista IDEA. Una vez ejecutado el programa se les evaluó nuevamente con el mismo instrumento, evidenciándose diferencias significativas en las dimensiones de anticipación t = 0,039 (P<0.05), complementariamente se encontraron resultados no esperados, en la escala de trastorno de desarrollo social t = 0,040 (P<0.05). No hubo evidencias significativas en la dimensión de sentido de actividad propia, obteniéndose un resultado de t = 0, 57 (P>0, 05). Los resultados reflejan la efectividad de la aplicación del programa de intervención con imágenes cuyo propósito es aportar a la sistematización del trabajo con niños que padecen algún trastorno generalizado del desarrollo.
This investigation is about the design, execution and evaluation of a psycho-educative intervention program based on the use of images, tested on nine children with autistic type of Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) from 3 to 8 years old in Temuco, Chile. This program was implemented to activate de development in the anticipation and flexibility dimensions en children with PDD. In order to determine the initial participants profile, the autism spectrum disorders development inventory IDEA was applied. After the program was finished, this instrument was also used, showing significant differences in the anticipation dimension with t = 0,039 (P<0.05). As a non expected result in the social development dimension there was found that t = 0,040 (P<0.05). There was no significant change in the own activity self perception dimension, obtaining a t = 0, 57 (P>0, 05). These results show the effectiveness of the image based intervention program applied which purpose is to make a contribution to systematize the work with children suffering some Pervasive Developmental Disorder.